Regulations and Curricula

for

Post Graduate Degree and Diploma Courses

in

Medical Sciences  

2000 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Volume III: Clinical Subjects

Diploma in Radio-Diagnosis (DMRD)

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka

4^th 'T' Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore - 560 041 
 
 
 

Regulations for Post Graduate Degree and Diploma Courses in Medical Sciences

(Annexure to University Notification No. UA/ORD-6/99-2000 dated 01.01.2000) 
 

Contents 
 

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka

4^th T Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore - 560 041 

No. UA/ORD-06/1999-2000                        01.01.2000 

NOTIFICATION 

Sub: Revised Ordinances pertaining to Post Graduate Degree, Diploma and Super Speciality Courses in Medicine

            Ref:  Minutes of the 16^th syndicate meeting held on 16.11.1999. 

      In exercise of the powers conferred under Sec. 35(2) of the RGUHS Act, the Syndicate at its meeting held on 16.11.1999 has been pleased to approve the Revised Ordinances pertaining to Post Graduate Degree, Diploma and Super Speciality Courses in Medicine as given in schedule here to annexed. 

      The Revised Ordinances as above shall come into force immediately and is applicable for University examination of March 2000 and onwards. 

                                                              By order,

                                                                  Sd/

      REGISTRAR

To  

1. The Principals of all Medical Colleges affiliated to RGUHS
2. The Members of the Syndicate/Senate/Academic Council.

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka

4^th T Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore - 560 041 

No. UA/ORD-06/1999-2000                        26.12.2000

NOTIFICATION 

Sub:  Revised Ordinance pertaining to PG Degree, Diploma and                                       Super Specialty Courses in Medicine

Read: The Revised Ordinance along with Syllabus and   Scheme of Examination of Pre-clinical and Para-clinical subjects pertaining to Postgraduate Degree, Diploma and Super Sociality courses in Medicine as approved by the Syndicate at its meeting held on 16.11.1999 and notified in the University notification No. UA/ORD-6/1999-2000 dt. 01.01.2000. Now the Syndicate at its meeting held on 22.11.2000 has approved Syllabus of Postgraduate Clinical Subjects and the same is notified. 

      In exercise of the powers conferred under Sec. 35(2) of the RGUHS Act, the Syndicate has been pleased to approve the Curriculum (Syllabus) of following PG Clinical Subjects in respect of above ordinance as given in the schedule here to annexed. 

Subject	Degree	Diploma
Anesthesiology	M.D.	D.A.
Aviation Medicine	M.D.	---
Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy	M.D.	DDVL
General Medicine	M.D.	----
General Surgery	M.S.	----
Obstetrics & Gynecology	M.S.	DGO
Oto-Rhino-Laryngology	M.S.	DLO
Ophthalmology	M.S.	DO
Orthopedics	M.S.	D. Ortho
Pediatrics	M.D.	DCH
Psychiatry	M.D.	DPM
Radio-Diagnosis	M.D.	DMRD
Radiotherapy	M.D.	DMRT
Tuberculosis & Respiratory Medicine	M.D.	DTCD

 

      The Syllabus as above shall be applicable from the Academic Year 2000-01. 

                                                              By order,

                                                                  Sd/

      REGISTRAR 

To  

1. The Principals of all Medical Colleges affiliated to RGUHS
2. The Members of the Syndicate/Senate/Academic Council. 
   Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore.

 

Regulations for Post Graduate Degree and Diploma Courses in Medical Sciences 

Chapter I 

1. Branches of Study

 

1.1     Postgraduate Degree Courses 


      The following courses of studies may be pursued.

1. M.D. (Doctor of Medicine)
1. Anaesthesiology 
   
2. Aviation Medicine
3. Anatomy
4. Biochemistry
5. Community Medicine
6. Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy
7. Forensic Medicine
8. General Medicine
9. Microbiology
10. Pathology
11. Paediatrics
12. Pharmacology
13. Physiology
14. Psychiatry
15. Radio-diagnosis
16. Radio-threapy
17. Tuberculosis & Respiratory Medicine
 


and such other subjects as might have been introduced by the Universities in Karnataka prior to commencement of Health University i.e., 1.6.1996, or recognised by Medical Council of India. 


2. M.S. (Master of Surgery)
1. General Surgery 
   
2. Obstetrics and Gynecology
3. Ophthalmology
4. Orthopedics
5. Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
 


and such other subjects as might have been introduced by the Universities in Karnataka prior to commencement of Health University i.e., 1.6.1996, or recognised by Medical Council of India. 


3. D.M. (Doctor of Medicine)
1. Cardiology and such subjects recognised by Medical Council of India. 
   
4. M.Ch (Master of Chirurgie) 
   
 


In the subjects recognised by Medical Council of India. 


1.2 Postgraduate Diploma Courses  


      Post graduate diploma course may be pursued in the following subjects: 


      Child Health (D.C.H.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (D.G.O.), Otorhinolaryngology (D.L.O.), Ophthalmology (D.O.), Orthopaedics (D.Ortho), Anaesthesiology (D.A.), Clinical Pathology (D.C.P.), Microbiology (D. Micro), Public Health (D.P.H), Forensic Medicine (D.F.M.), Dermatology, Venerology and Leprosy (D.D.V.L.), Psychiatry (D.P.M.), Radio-Diagnosis (DMRD), Radio-therapy (DMRT), Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases (D.T.C.D.) and such other subjects as might have been introduced by the Universities in Karnataka prior to commencement of Health University i.e., 1-6-1996, and recognised by Medical Council of India. 


2. Eligibility for Admission  


2.1 MD / MS Degree and Diploma Courses: A candidate affiliated to this university and who has passed final year M.B.B.S.  examination after pursuing a study in a medical college recognised by the Medical Council of India, from a recognised Medical College affiliated to any other University recognised as equivalent thereto, and has completed one year compulsory rotating internship in a teaching Institution or other Institution recognised by the Medical Council of India, and has obtained permanent registration of any State Medical Council shall be eligible for admission. 


2.2 D.M and M.Ch Courses: 


      D.M.: Candidate seeking admission for D.M courses in any subject must posses recognised degree of MD (or its equivalent recognised degree) in the subject specified in the regulations of the Medical Council of India from time to time. 


       M.Ch : Candidate seeking admission for M.Ch course in any subject must posses recognised degree of MS (or its equivalent recognised degree) in the subject specified in the regulations of the Medical Council of India from time to time. 


3. Obtaining Eligibility Certificate by the University before making Admission 


    No candidate shall be admitted for any postgraduate degree/diploma course unless the candidate has obtained and produced the eligibility certificate issued by the University. The candidate has to make an application to the University with the following documents along with the prescribed fee :

1. MBBS pass / degree certificate issued by the University.
2. Marks cards of all the university examinations passed MBBS course.
3. Attempt Certificate issued by the Principal.
4. Certificate regarding the recognition of the medical college by the Medical Council of India.
5. Completion of internship certificate.
6. In case internship was done in a non-teaching hospital, a certificate from the Medical Council of India that the hospital has been recognised for internship.
7. Registration by any State Medical Council and  
   
8. Proof of SC/ ST or Category I, as the case may be.
 


      Candidates should obtain the Eligibility Certificate before the last date for admission as notified by the University.

      A candidate who has been admitted to postgraduate course should register his / her name in the University within a month of admission after paying the registration fee. 


4. Intake of Students  


      The intake of students to each course shall be in accordance with the ordinance in this behalf. 


5. Duration of Study  


1. M.D /M.S Degree Courses

            The course of study shall be for a period of 3 years consisting of 6 terms. 


2. D.M /M.Ch

            The courses of study shall be for a period of 3 years consisting of 6 terms. 


3. Diploma courses:

            The course of study shall be for a period of 2 years consisting of 4 terms. 


      5.2   Requirement to complete the course       --      deleted * 


6.  Method of training   


      The training of postgraduate for degree/diploma shall be residency pattern with graded responsibilities in the management and treatment of patients entrusted to his/her care. The participation of the students in all facets of educational process is essential.  Every candidate should take part in seminars, group discussions, grand rounds, case demonstration, clinics, journal review meetings, CPC and clinical meetings. Every candidate should be required to participate in the teaching and training programme of undergraduate students.  Training should include involvement in laboratory and experimental work, and research studies.  Basic medical sciences students should be posted to allied and relevant clinical departments or institutions.  Similarly, clinical subjects' students should be posted to basic medical sciences and allied speciality departments or institutions. 


7. Attendance, Progress and Conduct 


7.1 A candidate pursuing degree/diploma course should work in the concerned department of the institution for the full period as a full time student. No candidate is permitted to run a clinic/laboratory/nursing home while studying postgraduate course. 


2. Each year shall be taken as a unit for the purpose of calculating attendance.
3. Every  student shall  attend  symposia, seminars, conferences, journal review meetings, 
   

grand rounds, CPC, case presentation, clinics and lectures during each year as prescribed by the department and not absent himself / herself from work without valid reasons. 


*  deleted vide university notification No. UA/ORD-6/1999-2000 dated 9.4.2001 


7.4 Every candidate is required to attend a minimum of 80% of the training during each academic year of the post graduate course.  Provided further, leave of any kind shall not be counted as part of academic term without prejudice to minimum 80% attendance of training period every year.   


7.5 Any student who fails to complete the course in the manner stated above shall not be permitted to appear for the University Examinations. 
 


8.  Monitoring Progress of Studies: 


8.  Monitoring Progress of Studies: 


8.1 Work diary / Log Book - Every candidate shall maintain a work diary and record of his/her participation in the training programmes conducted by the department such as journal reviews, seminars, etc. (please see Chapter IV for model checklists and logbook specimen copy).  Special mention may be made of the presentations  by the candidate as well as details of clinical or laboratory procedures, if any conducted by the candidate.  The work diary shall be scrutinised and certified by the Head of the Department and Head of the Institution, and presented in the university practical/clinical examination. 


8.2  Periodic tests: 


Incase of degree courses of three years duration (MD/MS, DM, MCh.), the concerned departments may conduct three tests, two of them be annual tests, one at the end of first year and the other in the second year. The third test may be held three months before the final examination. The tests may include written papers, practicals / clinicals and viva voce.  Records and marks obtained in such tests will be maintained by the Head of the Department and sent to the University, when called for. 


In case of diploma courses of two years duration, the concerned departments may conduct two  tests, one of them be at the end of first year and the other in the second year three months before the final examination. The tests may include written papers, practicals / clinicals and viva voce.   


8.3 Records: Records and marks obtained in tests will be maintained by the Head of the Department and will be made available to the University or MCI. 


9.  Dissertation 


9.1 Every candidate pursuing MD/MS degree course is required to carry out work on a selected research project under the guidance of a recognised post graduate teacher.  The results of such a work shall be submitted in the form of a dissertation. 


9.2 The dissertation is aimed to train a post graduate student in research methods and techniques.  It includes identification of a problem, formulation of a hypothesis, search and review of literature, getting acquainted with recent advances, designing of a research study, collection of data, critical analysis, comparison of results and drawing conclusions. 


9.3 Every candidate shall submit to the Registrar (Academic) of the University in the prescribed proforma, a synopsis containing particulars of proposed dissertation work within six months from the date of commencement of the course on or before the dates notified by the University.  The synopsis shall be sent through the proper channel. 


9.4 Such synopsis will be reviewed and the dissertation topic will be registered by the University.  No change in the dissertation topic or guide shall be made without prior approval of the University. 


9.5 The dissertation should be written under the following headings: 


i.    Introduction

ii.   Aims or Objectives of study

iii.  Review of Literature

iv   Material and Methods

      v.   Results

vi.  Discussion

vii.  Conclusion

viii. Summary

ix    References

x.    Tables

xi.   Annexures 


9.6 The written text of dissertation shall be not less than 50 pages and shall not exceed 150 pages excluding references, tables, questionnaires and other annexures. It should be neatly typed in double line spacing on one side of paper (A4 size, 8.27"  x 11.69") and bound properly.  Spiral binding should be avoided.  The dissertation shall be certified by the guide, head of the department and head of the  Institution. 


9.7 Four copies of dissertation thus prepared shall be submitted to the Registrar (Evaluation), six months before final examination on or before the dates notified by the University. 


9.8 The dissertation shall be valued by examiners appointed by the University.  Approval of dissertation work is an essential precondition for a candidate to appear in the University examination. 


9.9 Guide: The academic qualification and teaching experience required for recognition by this University as a guide for dissertation work is as per Medical Council of India Minimum Qualifications for Teachers in Medical Institutions Regulations, 1998.  Teachers in a medical college/institution having a total of eight years teaching experience out of which at least five years teaching experience as Lecturer or Assistant Professor gained after obtaining post graduate degree shall be recognised as post graduate teachers.

 

      A Co-guide may be included provided the work requires substantial contribution from a sister department or from another medical institution recognised for teaching/training by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences/Medical Council of India. The co-guide shall be a recognised post graduate teacher of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

 

9.10 Change of guide: In the event of a registered guide leaving the college for any reason or in the event of death of guide, guide may be changed with prior permission from the university.

 


 


10.  Schedule of Examination 


      The examination for M.D / M.S courses shall be held at the end of three academic years ( six academic terms).  The examination for D.M and M.Ch courses shall be held at the end of three years.  The examination for the diploma courses shall be held at the end of two academic years (four academic terms).  The university shall conduct two examinations in a year at an interval of four to six months between the two examination.  Not more than two examinations shall be conducted in an academic year. 
 


11.  Scheme of Examination 


      11.1 M.D. / M.S. Degree  


M.D. / M.S.  Degree examinations in any subject shall consist of dissertation, written paper (Theory), Practical/Clinical and Viva voce. 


11.1.1 Dissertation: Every candidate shall carryout work and submit a dissertation as indicated in Sl.NO.9. Acceptance of dissertation shall be a precondition for the candidate to appear for the final examination. 


11.1.2 Written Examination (Theory): A written examination shall consist of four question papers, each of three hours duration.  Each paper shall carry 100 marks.  Out of the four papers, the 1^st paper in clinical subjects will be on applied aspects of basic medical sciences. Recent advances may be asked in any or all the papers. 


11.1.3 Practical / Clinical Examination:

      In case of practical examination, it should be aimed at assessing competence and skills of techniques and procedures as well as testing students ability to make relevant and valid observations, interpretations and inference of laboratory or  experimental work relating to his/her  subject. 


      In case of clinical examination, it should aim at examining clinical skills and competence of candidates for undertaking independent work as a specialist.  Each candidate should examine at least one long case and two short cases.    


      The total marks for practical / clinical examination shall be 200. 


11.1.4 Viva Voce: Viva Voce Examination shall aim at assessing depth of knowledge, logical reasoning, confidence and oral communication skills.  The total marks shall be 100 and the distribution of marks shall be as under:

            (i) For examination of all components of syllabus     80 Marks

   (ii) For Pedagogy       20 Marks  


11.1.5 Examiners: There shall be at least four examiners in each subject.  Out of them two shall be external examiners and two shall be internal examiners.  The qualification and teaching experience for appointment as an examiner shall be as laid down by the Medical Council of India. 


11.1.6 Criteria for declaring as pass in University Examination: A candidate shall secure not less than 50% marks in each head of passing which shall include (1) Theory, (2) Practical including clinical and viva voce examination. 


      A candidate securing less than 50% of marks as described above shall be declared to have failed in the examination. Failed candidate may appear in any subsequent examination upon payment of fresh fee to the Registrar (Evaluation).    


11.1.7 Declaration of distinction: A successful candidate passing the University examination in  first attempt will be declared to have passed the examination with distinction, if the grand total aggregate marks is 75 percent and above.  Distinction will not be awarded for candidates passing the examination in more than one attempt. 
 


      11.2 D.M / M.Ch: 


      The examination shall consist of theory, clinical/practical and viva voce examination. 


11.2.1 (Theory) (Written Examination): The theory examination shall consist of four question papers, each of three hours duration.  Each paper shall carry 100 marks.  Out of the four papers, the first paper will be on basic medical sciences. Recent advances may be asked in any or all the papers. 


11.2.2 Practical / Clinical Examination:

      In case of practical examination it should be aimed at assessing competence, skills of techniques and procedures as well as testing students ability to make relevant and valid observations, interpretence and experimental work relevant to his / her subject. 


      In case of clinical examination it should aim at examining clinical skills and competence of candidates for undertaking independent work as a specialist.  Each candidate should examine at least one long case and two short cases.   


      The maximum marks for Practical / Clinical shall be 200. 


11.2.3 Viva Voce: Viva Voce examination shall aim at assessing thoroughly depth of knowledge, logical reasoning, confidence and oral communication skills.  The maximum marks shall be 100. 


11.2.4 Examiners: There shall be at least four examiners in each subject.  Out of them, two shall be external examiners and two shall be internal examiners.  The qualification and teaching experience for appointment as an examiner shall be as laid down by the Medical Council of India.  


11.2.5 Criteria for declaring as pass in University Examination: A candidate shall secure not less than 50% marks in each head of passing which shall include (1) Theory, (2) Practical including clinical and viva voce examination. 


      A candidate securing less than 50% of marks as described above shall be declared to have failed in the examination. Failed candidate may appear in any subsequent examination upon payment of fresh fee to the Registrar (Evaluation).    


11.3 Diploma Examination: 


      Diploma examination in any subject shall consist of theory (written papers), Practical / Clinical and Viva - Voce. 


11.3.1 Theory: There shall be three written question papers each carrying 100 marks.  Each paper will be of three hours duration.  In clinical subjects one paper out of this shall be on basic medical sciences.  In basic medical subjects and para clinical subjects, questions on applied clinical aspects should also be asked. 


11.3.2 Practical / Clinical Examination:

      In case of practical examination it should be aimed at assessing competence, skills related to laboratory procedures as well as testing students ability to make relevant and valid observations, interpretation of laboratory or experimental work relevant to his/her subject. 


      In case of clinical examination, it should aim at examining clinical skills and competence of candidates for undertaking independent work as a specialist.  Each candidate should examine atleast one long case and two short cases.   


      The maximum marks for practical / Clinical shall be 150. 


11.3.3 Viva Voce Examination: Viva Voce examination should aim at assessing depth of knowledge, logical reasoning, confidence and oral communication skills.  The total marks shall be 50. 


11.3.4 Criteria for Pass: Criteria for declaring as pass in University Examination: A candidate shall secure not less than 50% marks in each head of passing which shall include (1) Theory, (2) Practical including clinical and viva voce examination. 


      A candidate securing less than 50% of marks as described above shall be declared to have failed in the examination. Failed candidate may appear in any subsequent examination upon payment of fresh fee to the Registrar (Evaluation).    


11. 3.5 Declaration of distinction: A successful candidate passing the University examination in  first attempt will be declared to have passed the examination with distinction, if the grand total aggregate marks is 75 percent and above.  Distinction will not be awarded for candidates passing the examination in more than one attempt. 


11.3.6 Examiners: There shall be at least four examiners in each subject.  Out of them, two shall be external examiners and two shall be internal examiners.  The qualification and teaching experience for appointment as an examiner shall be as laid down by the Medical Council of India.  


12. Number of Candidates per day.  The maximum number of candidates for practical/clinical and viva-voce examination shall be as under:

       MD / MS Course: Maximum of 6 per day

     Diploma Course: Maximum of 8 per day

    DM / M.Ch Course: Maximum of 3 per day 


 


       CHAPTER  II 


GOALS AND GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF POSTGRADUATE

MEDICAL EDUCATION PROGRAM 


GOAL 


The goal of postgraduate medical education shall be to produce competent specialist

      and /or Medical teacher: 


1. who shall recognise the health needs of the community, and carry out professional obligations ethically and in keeping with the objectives of the national health policy;
2. who shall have mastered most of the competencies, pertaining to the specialty, that are required to be practiced at the secondary and the tertiary levels of the health care delivery system: 
   
3. who shall be aware of the contemporary advances and developments in the discipline concerned; 
   
4. who shall have acquired a spirit of scientific inquiry and is oriented to the principles of research methodology and epidemiology; and 
   
5. who shall have acquired the basic skills in teaching of the medical and paramedical professionals. 
   
 


GENERAL OBJECTIVES 


At the end of the postgraduate training in the discipline concerned the student shall be able to: 


1. Recognise the importance of the concerned speciality in the context of the health need of the community and the national priorities in the health sector.
2. Practice the speciality concerned ethically and in step with the principles of primary health care. 
   
3. Demonstrate sufficient understanding of the basic sciences relevant to the concerned speciality. 
   
4. Identify social, economic, environmental, biological and emotional determinants of health in a given case, and take them into account while planning therapeutic, rehabilitative, preventive and promotive measures/strategies. 
   
5. Diagnose and manage majority of the conditions in the speciality concerned on the basis of clinical assessment, and appropriately selected and conducted investigations. 
   
6. Plan and advise measures for the prevention and rehabilitation of patients suffering from disease and disability related to the specialty. 
   
7. Demonstrate skills in documentation of individual case details as well as morbidity and mortality data relevant to the assigned situation. 
   
8. Demonstrate empty and humane approach towards patients and their families and exhibit interpersonal behaviour in accordance with the societal norms and expectations. 
   
9. Play the assigned role in the implementation of national health programmes, effectively and responsibly.
10. Organise and supervise the chosen/assigned health care services demonstrating adequate managerial skills in the clinic/hospital or the field situation. 
    
11. Develop skills as a self-directed learner, recognise continuing educational needs; select and use appropriate learning resources. 
    
12. Demonstrate competence in basic concepts of research methodology and epidemiology, and be able to critically analyse relevant published research literature. 
    
13. Develop skills in using educational methods and techniques as applicable to the teaching of medical/nursing students, general physicians and paramedical health workers. 
    
14. Function as an effective leader of a health team engaged in health care, research or training. 
    
 


STATEMENT OF THE COMPETENCIES 


Keeping in view the general objectives of postgraduate training, each disciplines shall

aim at development of specific competencies, which shall be defined and spelt out in clear terms.  Each department shall produce a statement and bring it to the notice of the trainees in the beginning of the programme so that he or she can direct the efforts towards the attainment of these competencies. 


COMPONENTS OF THE PG CURRICULUM 


            The major components of the PG curriculum shall be: 


• Theoretical knowledge
• Practical/clinical Skills 
  
• Training in Thesis. 
  
• Attitudes, including communication. 
  
• Training in research methodology. 
  
 
 


      Source: Medical Council of India, Regulations on postgraduate medical education, 1997. 
 
 
 


 


Chapter III 


Course Description 


Diploma in Radio-Diagnosis (DMRD) 


Goal   


      The goal of the course is to orient the students on various aspects of imageology by way of theory and practical training in the diseases of various systems of the human body.  They should be able to apply knowledge and skills at secondary and tertiary level of medical care. The  postgraduate training course  would be to train a MBBS doctor who will:

• Practice efficiently and effectively the specialty, backed by  scientific knowledge and skill base.
• Exercise empathy and a caring attitude and maintain high ethical standards.
• Continue to evince keen interest in continuing education in the speciality.
• Be a motivated ‘teacher’ – defined as a specialist keen to share his knowledge and skills with a colleague or a junior or any learner.
 


Objectives 


The following objectives are laid out to achieve the goals of the course. These objectives are to be achieved by the time the candidate completes the course. The Objectives may be considered under the subheadings  


1. Knowledge (Cognitive domain)
2. Skills (Psycho motor domain)
3. Human values, Ethical practice and Communication abilities
 


Knowledge: 


• Describe aetoiology, pathophysiology, principles of diagnosis and management of common  problems including emergencies, in adults and children.
• Describe indications and methods for fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy including blood transfusion
• Describe common malignancies in the country and their management including prevention
• Demonstrate understanding of basic sciences relevant to this speciality
• Identify social, economic, environmental and emotional determinants in a given case, and take them into account for planning therapeutic measures. 
• Recognize conditions that may be outside the area of his specialty/competence and to refer them to the proper specialist.
• Advise regarding the operative or non-operative management of the case and to carry out this management effectively.
• Update oneself by self study and by attending courses, conferences and seminars relevant to the speciality.
• Teach and guide his team, colleagues and other students.
• Undertake audit, use information technology tools and carry out research, both basic and clinical, with the aim of publishing his work and presenting his work at various scientific fora.

 

Skills

• Take a proper clinical history, examine the patient, perform essential diagnostic procedures and order relevant tests and interpret them to come to  a reasonable diagnosis about the  condition. 
  
• Provide basic and advanced life saving support services (BLS & ALS) in emergency situations  
  
• Undertake complete patient monitoring including the care of the patient.
 


Human values, Ethical practice and Communication abilities 


• Adopt ethical principles in all aspects of his/her  practice. Professional honesty and integrity are to be fostered. Care is to be delivered  irrespective of the social status, caste, creed or religion of the patient.
• Develop communication skills, in particular the skill to explain various options available in management and to obtain a true informed consent from the patient.
• Provide leadership and get the best out of his team in a congenial working atmosphere.
• Apply high moral and ethical standards while carrying out human or animal research.
• Be humble and accept the limitations in his knowledge and skill and to ask for help from colleagues when needed.
• Respect patient's rights and privileges including patient's right to information and right to seek a second opinion.

 

Course Contents

1. Basic Sciences (Radiation Physics and Radio – Biology), Newer imaging techniques, Radiological Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology and Radiography. 
   
 


      Includes fundamentals in Electricity and Electro magnetic induction, Ammeter, Voltmeter and Galvanometer.  Transformers, Ractifiers, Rectification, Timers, x-ray Production and other aspects of x-rays.  Electro magnetic Radiation, Units of Radiation interaction x-ray film intensifying screens and other x-ray appliances, Dark room procedures etc.  II TV and cline flurography, Tomography Radiative Isotopes and uses, instrumentation in Nuclear Medicine, MMR, Radiation production and other aspects of production. 


      Radiological Anatomy, Physiology and pathology of different system of the body and Radiographic Techniques concerned to each system. 


            Physics of Ultrasound CT, MRI. 


            Basics of Radiotherapy and equipments of Radiotherapy. 
 


2. Respiratory system
 


      Includes the following methods of investigations and interpretation of Chest films, Chest wall, Diaphragm, Pleural disease and air way disease, Pulmonary vasculature, pulmonary infections, pulmonary neoplasms, diffuse lung disease, Mediastinal disease, Chest Trauma, Post operative lung and intensive care.

 

3. Alimentary and Hepatobiliary system Congenital Anamolies of GI Tract
 


      Disease and disorders of mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, stomach small intestine, large intestine, disease of omentum and mesentery acute abdomen, abdominal trauma, newer methods like Isotopes study.  T, MRI, Hepatobiliary system.  Disease and disorders, newer methods of imaging hepatibilio pancreatic system like, Isotopes study, T Photo Arteriography, sprial CT, MRI. 


4. Head and neck spinal column and skull
 


      Includes Radiological dimension and imaging of various disease and disorders of the above system. 


      Investigative procedures of congenital lesious, vascular lesions, infective lesions, Metabolic lesions, traumatic lesions and neoplasia of the central nurvous system including CT, MRI. 


      Disease and disorders of spinal cord lesions including congenital lesions. 


      Interventional procedures. 


5. Cardiovascular system
 


      Role of Radiological imaging by different Techniques including DSA and interventional procedures. 


      Disease and disorders of Cardiovascular system including Congenital conditions and the role of imaging by conventional, Ultrasound, Echo, doppler, CT, MRI, Angio, DSA and Radio Nuclide studies. 


6. Endocrinal system
 


      Imaging of disorders, disease and congenital conditions of endocrinal glands – pituitary adrenal, Thyroid, para thyroid, pancreas. 


      Newer methods of imaging including embolisation. 


7. Genito Urinary system
 


      Imaging – conventional, Ultrasound, CT, MRI of various disease and disorders including congenital conditions of genito Urinary system. 


      Role of interventional imaging. 


8. Musculo Skeletal system
 


Role of conventional, Ultrasound, Radio Nuclide studies, CT, MRI of disease, disorders and congenital conditions of musles, soft tissue, bones and joints. 


9. Soft Tissue Radiology
 


Includes various soft tissue disorders and diseases and role of imaging. 


10. Interventional Radiology
 


      Includes all procedures like interventional imaging and interventional treatment including follicular study etc. 


11. Recent trends and Advances
 


      Includes all information and imaging information that published in National and International Journals and references, vascular Ultrasound, PACS, digital x-ray, CT, MRI and Nuclear Medicine. 
 


Teaching / Learning Activities 


A candidate pursuing  the course should work in the  institution as a full time student. No candidate should be permitted to run a clinic/laboratory/nursing home while studying postgraduate course. Each year should be taken as a unit for the purpose of calculating attendance. Every  student shall  attend teaching and learning activities during each year as prescribed by the department and not absent himself / herself from work without valid reasons. 


A list of teaching and learning  activities designed to facilitate students acquire essential  knowledge and skills outlined is given below.  


1. Lectures : Lectures are to be kept to a minimum. They may, however, be employed for teaching certain topics. Lectures may be didactic or integrated.

a)   Didactic   Lectures: Recommended for selected common topics for  post graduate students of all specialties. Few topics are suggested  as  examples:

1. Bio-statistics
2. Use of library,
3. Medical code of Conduct and Medical Ethics
4. National Health and Disease Control Programmes
5. Communication  Skills etc.

These  topics may preferably taken up in  the first few  weeks of the 1st year.

 

b)  Integrated  Lectures: These are recommended to be taken by multidisciplinary teams  for  selected topics, eg. Jaundice, Diabetes mellitus, Thyroid etc.  


2. Journal  Club :  Recommended to be held once a week. All the PG students are expected to attend and actively participate in discussion and enter in the Log Book relevant details. Further, every candidate must make a presentation  from the allotted journal(s), selected articles at least three times a year and a total of six seminar presentations in two years. The presentations would be evaluated using check lists and would carry weightage for satisfactory completion of the course (See Checklist in Chapter IV).  


3. Subject  Seminar:  Recommended to be held once a week. All the PG students are expected to attend and actively participate in discussion and enter in the Log Book relevant details. Further, every candidate must present on selected topics at least three times a year and a total of six seminar presentations in three years. The presentations would be evaluated using check lists and would carry weightage for satisfactory completion of the course..
4. Student Symposium: Recommended as an optional multi disciplinary programme. The evaluation may be similar to that described for subject seminar. 
   
5. Ward  Rounds: Ward rounds may be service or teaching rounds. 
   
1. Service Rounds: Postgraduate students  and  Interns   should  do every day for the care  of  the  patients.  Newly  admitted patients   should be worked up by the PGs and  presented  to the seniors the  following  day.
2. Teaching  Rounds : Every unit should have  'grand rounds'  for  teaching purpose. A  diary should be maintained   for  day to  day activities by the  students. 
   
 


Entries of (a) and (b) should be made in the Log book.  


6. Clinico-Pathological Conference:  Recommended once a month for all post graduate students. Presentation be done by rotation.  If cases are not available due to lack of clinical postmortems, it could be supplemented by published CPCs.
7. Clinical case presentations: Candidates should periodically present cases, which will be assessed by using check lists (see checklist in Chapter IV) 
   
8. Inter Departmental  Meetings: Strongly recommended particularly  with  departments of  Medicine, Surgery, Orthopedics, etc., meetings should be attended by post graduate students and relevant entries must be made in the Log Book.  
   
 


9.  Continuing Medical Education Programmes (CME) : Recommended that at least  2 state level  CME programmes   should be attended  by each student in  3 years.

 

10. Conferences:  Attending  conferences  is optional. However it is encouraged.  


        Postgraduate student should maintain dairy of day to day work.  They should do all investigation and film reporting under the supervision of the senior teachers. 


 

Rotation Postings

1. NIMHANS for exposure and interpretation of Brain  
   

      and spinal cord lesions       - 2 weeks 


2. For cancer radio-diagnosis and Nuclear Medicine in an oncology

      Department or institute      - 2 weeks 


3) OBG and Pediatric Radio-Diagnosis     - 2 weeks 


4) Cardiology        - 2 weeks

        Total   8 weeks

 

 

Monitoring Progress of Studies

 


It is essential to monitor  the learning progress of each candidate through continuous appraisal and regular assessment. It not only also helps teachers to evaluate students, but also students to evaluate themselves. The monitoring be done by the staff of the department based on participation of students in various teaching / learning activities. It may be structured and assessment be  done using checklists that assess  various aspects. Checklists are given in Chapter IV.

The learning out comes to be assessed should included: (i) Personal Attitudes, (ii) Acquisition of Knowledge, and (iii) Clinical and operative skills. 


i) Personal Attitudes. The essential items are: 


• Caring attitudes
• Initiative
• Organisational ability
• Potential to cope with stressful situations and undertake responsibility
• Trust worthiness and reliability
• To understand and communicate intelligibly with patients and others
• To behave in a manner which establishes professional relationships with patients and colleagues
• Ability to work in team
• A critical enquiring approach to the acquisition of knowledge
 


The methods used mainly consist of observation. It is appreciated that these items require a degree of subjective assessment by the guide, supervisors and peers. 


ii) Acquisition of Knowledge  :  The methods used comprise of `Log Book’ which records participation in various teaching / learning activities by the students. The number of activities attended and the number in which presentations are made are to be recorded. The log book should periodically be validated by the supervisors. Some of the activities are listed. The list is not complete. Institutions may include additional activities, if so, desired. 


Journal Review Meeting ( Journal Club):  The ability to do literature search, in depth study, presentation skills, and use of audio- visual aids are to be assessed. The assessment is made by faculty members and peers attending the meeting using a checklist ( see Model Checklist – I, Chapter IV) 


Seminars / Symposia:  The topics should be assigned to the student well in advance to facilitate in depth study. The ability to do literature search, in depth study, presentation skills and use of audio- visual aids are to be assessed using a checklist (see Model Checklist-II, Chapter IV) 


Clinico-pathological conferences : This should be a multidisciplinary case study of an interesting case to train the candidate to solve diagnostic and therapeutic problems by using an analytical approach. The presenter(s) are to be assessed using a check list similar to that used for seminar. 
 
 


3. Clinical  skills
 


Day to Day work :  Skills in outpatient and ward work should be assessed periodically. The assessment should include the candidates’ sincerity and punctuality, analytical ability and communication skills (see Model Checklist III, Chapter IV). 


Clinical meetings :   Candidates should periodically present cases to his peers and faculty members. This should be assessed using a check list (see Model checklist IV, Chapter IV). 


Clinical and Procedural skills :  The candidate should be given graded responsibility to enable learning by apprenticeship. The performance is assessed by the guide by direct observation. Particulars are recorded by the student in the log book. (Table No.3, Chapter IV) 


iv) Periodic tests: The  departments may conduct two  tests, one of them be at the end of first year and the other in the second year three months before the final examination. The tests may include written papers, practicals / clinicals and viva voce.   


vii) Work diary / Log Book- Every candidate shall maintain a work diary and record his/her participation in the training programmes conducted by the department such as journal reviews, seminars, etc. Special mention may be made of the presentations by the candidate as well as details of clinical or laboratory procedures, if any conducted by the candidate.  


8. Records: Records, log books and marks obtained in tests will be maintained by the Head of the Department and will be made available to the University or MCI.

 

Log book 


The log book is a record of the important activities of the candidates during his training, Internal assessment should be based on the evaluation of the log book. Collectively, log books are a tool for the evaluation of the training programme of the institution by external agencies. The record includes academic activities as well as the presentations and procedures carried out by the candidate. 


Format for the log book for the different activities is given in Tables 1,2 and 3 of Chapter IV. Copies may be made and used by the institutions. 


Procedure for defaulters:  Every department should have a committee to review such situations. The defaulting candidate is counseled by the guide and head of the department. In extreme cases of default the departmental committee may recommend that defaulting candidate be withheld from appearing the examination, if she/he fails to fulfill the requirements in spite of being given adequate chances to set himself or herself right. 
 


 


Scheme  of  Examination   


1. Theory
 


      There shall be three question papers, each of three hours duration.  Each paper shall consist of two long essay questions each question carrying 20 marks and 6 short essay questions each carrying 10 marks.  Total marks for each paper will be 100.  Questions on recent advances may be asked in any or all the papers.  All papers consist of conventional radiology and including newer imaging techniques and also recent advances in respective chapters of the paper. Details of distribution of topics for each paper will be as follows:

 

Paper – I

1. Basic Sciences as applied to Radio – Diagnosis – Radiological Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Radiography, Radiation Physics and Biology. 
   

Basics of Ultrasound CT, Nuclear Medicine and MRI 


2. Bones and Joints
3. Respiratory system

 

Paper – II

 


      Gastrointestinal system and abdomen (including Pancreas, Adrenals Biliarytree, Spleen, Liver and acute abdomen) 


      Cardiovascular system including Lymphatic system, Arteriography Phleography and interventional procedures.

 

Paper – III

 


      Urogenital system including Scrotum and obstetrics and Gynaecology, Skull and Central nervous system.

      ENT, Eyes, Teeth and soft tissues. 


Note: The distribution of chapters / topics shown against the papers are suggestive only. 
 


2. Clinical:  150 marks
 


      a) Long case   –  1  -  100 marks 


      b) Short cases –  2  -   50 marks 
 


c) Viva voce  :   50 marks 


All examiners will conduct viva-voce conjointly on candidate’s comprehension, analytical approach, expression and interpretation of data.  It includes all components of course contents spotters of conventional  & newer imaging techniques and instruments.  In addition candidates may be also be given case reports, charts, gross specimens, etc., for interpretation.  


d)  


Maximum marks for  Theory  Practical Viva  Grand Total

Dip. Radio-Diagnosis      300      150   50        500 
 
 


Recommended Books  


1) Text book of Radiology and Imaging    - Sutton

2) Text book of Diagnostic Radiology    - Grainger

3) Diagnostic Ultrasound     - Reheumic

4) Basic Nuclear Medicine     - Sheldin Baur

5) Diagnostic Radiology and Imaging    - Dr. Subba rao

6) Fundamental Physical Radiology    - Maredith & Massed

7) Radiographic Anatomy     - Meschan

8) Positioning in Radiography     - Clerk

 

Reference Books

 


1) Diagnostic Radiology CT and MRI whole body   - John Haaja

2) Pediatric x-ray Diagnosis      - Caffey

3) Roentgen Science in Diagnostic Imaging    - Meschan

4) Felson chest Roentgenology      - Felsun

5) Aids to differential Diagnosis      - Chapran

6) Alimentary tract Radiology and Imaging    - Margullis

7) Seminars in Ultrasound 

 

Journals

1. Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging 
   
2. American Journal of Radiology
3. Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography
4. Journal of computed assisted Tomography
5. Clinical Nuclear Medicine.
 
 


ADDITIONAL READING 


1. Indian Council of Medical Research, "Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Subjects", I.C.M.R, New Delhi, 2000.
2. Code of Medical Ethics framed under section 33 of the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956.   Medical Council of India, Kotla Road, New Delhi. 
   
3. Francis  C M, Medical Ethics, J P Publications, Bangalore, 1993. 
   
4. Indian National Science Academy, Guidelines for care and use of animals in Scientific Research, New Delhi, 1994.   
   
5. Internal National Committee of Medical Journal Editors, Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals, N Engl J Med 1991; 424-8 
   
6. Kirkwood B R, Essentials of Medical Statistics , 1^st Ed., Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications 1988. 
   
7. Mahajan B K, Methods in Bio statistics for medical students, 5^th Ed. New Delhi, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 1989. 
   
8. Compendium of recommendations of various committees on Health and Development (1943-1975). DGHS, 1985 Central Bureau of Health Intelligence, Directorate General of Health Services, min. of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi. P - 335.  
   
9. National Health Policy,  Min. of Health & Family Welfare, Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi, 1983  
   
10. Srinivasa D K etal, Medical Education Principles and Practice, 1995. National Teacher Training Centre, JIPMER, Pondicherry 
    
 


Chapter IV 


Monitoring Learning Progress 


It is essential to monitor  the learning progress of each candidate through continuous appraisal and regular assessment. It not only also helps teachers to evaluate students, but also students to evaluate themselves. The monitoring be done by the staff of the department based on participation of students in various teaching / learning activities. It may be structured and assessment be  done using checklists that assess  various aspects. Model Checklists are given in this Chapter which may be copied and used.   


The learning out comes to be assessed should included: (i) Personal Attitudes, (ii) Acquisition of Knowledge, (iii) Clinical and operative skills, and (iv) Teaching skills. 


1. Personal Attitudes. The essential items are:
• Caring attitudes
• Initiative
• Organisational ability
• Potential to cope with stressful situations and undertake responsibility
• Trust worthiness and reliability
• To understand and communicate intelligibly with patients and others
• To behave in a manner which establishes professional relationships with patients and colleagues
• Ability to work in team
• A critical enquiring approach to the acquisition of knowledge
 


The methods used mainly consist of observation. It is appreciated that these items require a degree of subjective assessment by the guide, supervisors and peers. 


ii) Acquisition of Knowledge  :  The methods used comprise of `Log Book’ which records participation in various teaching / learning activities by the students. The number of activities attended and the number in which presentations are made are to be recorded. The log book should periodically be validated by the supervisors. Some of the activities are listed. The list is not complete. Institutions may include additional activities, if so, desired. 


Journal Review Meeting ( Journal Club):  The ability to do literature search, in depth study, presentation skills, and use of audio- visual aids are to be assessed. The assessment is made by faculty members and peers attending the meeting using a checklist ( see Model Checklist – I, Chapter IV) 


Seminars / Symposia:  The topics should be assigned to the student well in advance to facilitate in depth study. The ability to do literature search, in depth study, presentation skills and use of audio- visual aids are to be assessed using a checklist (see Model Checklist-II, Chapter IV) 


Clinico-pathological conferences : This should be a multidisciplinary case study of an interesting case to train the candidate to solve diagnostic and therapeutic problems by using an analytical approach. The presenter(s) are to be assessed using a check list similar to that used for seminar. 


Medical Audit: Periodic morbidity and mortality meeting  be held. Attendance and participation in these must be insisted upon. This may not be included in assessment.

4. Clinical  skills

Day to Day work :  Skills in outpatient and ward work should be assessed periodically. The assessment should include the candidates’ sincerity and punctuality, analytical ability and communication skills (see Model Checklist III, Chapter IV). 


Clinical meetings :   Candidates should periodically present cases to his peers and faculty members. This should be assessed using a check list (see Model checklist IV, Chapter IV). 


Clinical and Procedural skills :  The candidate should be given graded responsibility to enable learning by apprenticeship. The performance is assessed by the guide by direct observation. Particulars are recorded by the student in the log book. (Table No.3, Chapter IV) 


iv)  Teaching skills : Candidates should be encouraged to teach undergraduate medical students and paramedical students, if any. This performance should be based on assessment by the faculty members of the department and from feedback from the undergraduate students (See Model checklist V, Chapter IV) 


vi)  Periodic tests: In case of degree courses of three years duration, the concerned departments may conduct three tests, two of them be annual tests, one at the end of first year and the other in the second year. The third test may be held three months before the final examination. The tests may include written papers, practicals / clinicals and viva voce.   


In case of diploma courses of two years duration, the concerned departments may conduct two  tests, one of them be at the end of first year and the other in the second year three months before the final examination. The tests may include written papers, practicals / clinicals and viva voce.   


vii) Work diary / Log Book- Every candidate shall maintain a work diary and record his/her participation in the training programmes conducted by the department such as journal reviews, seminars, etc. Special mention may be made of the presentations by the candidate as well as details of clinical or laboratory procedures, if any conducted by the candidate.  


viii) Records: Records, log books and marks obtained in tests will be maintained by the Head of the Department and will be made available to the University or MCI. 


Log book 


The log book is a record of the important activities of the candidates during his training, Internal assessment should be based on the evaluation of the log book. Collectively, log books are a tool for the evaluation of the training programme of the institution by external agencies. The record includes academic activities as well as the presentations and procedures carried out by the candidate. 


Format for the log book for the different activities is given in Tables 1,2 and 3 of Chapter IV. Copies may be made and used by the institutions. 


Procedure for defaulters:  Every department should have a committee to review such situations. The defaulting candidate is counseled by the guide and head of the department. In extreme cases of default the departmental committee may recommend that defaulting candidate be withheld from appearing the examination, if she/he fails to fulfill the requirements in spite of being given adequate chances to set himself or herself right.

 


CHAPTER IV (Contd.) 


 

Format of Model Check Lists  


Check List -I.   MODEL CHECK-LIST FOR EVALUATION  OF  JOURNAL REVIEW PRESENTATIONS 


Name of the Student:    Name of the Faculty/Observer:                                  Date: 





Sl. No.	Items for observation during presentation	Poor  0	Below Average 1	Average  2	Good  3	Very Good 4
	Article chosen was
	Extent of understanding of scope & objectives of the paper by the  candidate
	Whether cross references have been consulted
	Whether other relevant publications consulted
	Ability to respond to questions on the paper / subject
	Audio-Visual aids used
	Ability to defend the paper
	Clarity of presentation
	Any other observation
	Total Score

 
 
 


Check List - II. MODEL CHECK-LIST FOR EVALUATION  OF SEMINAR

                        PRESENTATIONS 
 


Name of the Student:    Name of the Faculty/Observer:                               Date: 





Sl. No.	Items for observation during presentation	Poor  0	Below Average 1	Average  2	Good  3	Very Good 4
	Whether other relevant publications consulted
	Whether cross references have been consulted
	Completeness of Preparation
	Clarity  of Presentation
	Understanding of subject
	Ability to answer questions
	Time scheduling
	Appropriate use of Audio-Visual aids
	Overall Performance
	Any other observation
	Total Score

 
 
 
 
 
 


Check List - III 


MODEL  CHECK LIST FOR EVALUATION  OF  CLINICAL  WORK IN WARD  /  OPD 


(To be completed once a month by respective Unit Heads including  posting in other departments) 


Name of the Student:    Name of the Unit Head:    Date: 





Sl. No.	Points to be considered:	Poor  0	Below Average 1	Average  2	Good  3	Very Good  4
	Regularity of attendance
	Punctuality
	Interaction with colleagues and supportive staff
	Maintenance of case records
	Presentation of cases during rounds
	Investigations work up
	Bedside manners
	Rapport with patients
	Counseling patient's relatives  for blood donation or Postmortem and Case follow up.
	Over all quality of Ward work
	Total Score

 
 
 
 
 


Check List - IV

EVALUATION FORM FOR CLINICAL PRESENTATION 


Name of the Student:      Name of the Faculty:    Date:




Sl. No.	Points to be considered	Poor  0	Below Average 1	Average  2	Above Average 3	Very Good 4
	Completeness of history
	Whether all relevant points elicited
	Clarity of Presentation
	Logical order
	Mentioned all positive and negative points of importance
	Accuracy of general physical examination
	Whether all physical signs elicited correctly
	Whether any major signs missed or misinterpreted
	Diagnosis: Whether it follows follows  logically from history and   findings
10	Investigations required Complete list
	Relevant order
	Interpretation of investigations
	Ability to react to questioning Whether it follows logically from history and findings
	Ability to defend diagnosis
	Ability to justify differential diagnosis
	Others
	Grand Total

 
 


 


Check List - V 


MODEL CHECK LIST FOR EVALUATION OF TEACHING SKILL PRACTICE 





Sl. No.		Strong Point	Weak Point
	Communication of the purpose of the talk
	Evokes audience interest in the subject
	The introduction
	The sequence of ideas
	The use of practical examples and/or illustrations
	Speaking style (enjoyable, monotonous, etc., specify)
	Attempts audience participation
	Summary of the main points at the end
	Asks questions
	Answers questions asked by the audience
	Rapport of speaker with his audience
	Effectiveness of the talk
	Uses AV aids appropriately

 
 


Check list VI 


MODEL CHECK LIST FOR DISSERTATION PRESENTATION 


Name:                            Faculty/observer:                                                  Date: 





Sl. No.	Points to be considered divine	Poor  0	Below Average 1	Average  2	Good   3	Very Good 4
	Interest shown in selecting a topic
	Appropriate review of literature
	Discussion with guide & other faculty
	Quality of protocol
	Preparation of proforma

 
 
 
 
 


Checklist-VII  


CONTINUOUS   EVALUATION   OF   DISSERTATION   WORK  BY GUIDE / CO-GUIDE 
 


Name of the Student:    Name of the Faculty/Observer:                                              Date: 





Sl. No.	Items for observation during presentation	Poor  0	Below Average 1	Average  2	Good 3	Very Good 4
	Periodic consultation with guide/co-guide
	Regular collection of case material
	Depth of analysis / discussion
	Departmental presentation of findings
	Quality of final output
	Others
	Total Score

 
 


  


LOG BOOK 


Table 1 :  Academic activities attended 


Name:        Admission  Year: 


College:   
 





Date	Type of Activity Specify Seminar, Journal Club, Presentation,        UG teaching	Particulars

 
 


LOG BOOK 


Table 2 :  Academic presentations made by the student 


Name:        Admission  Year: 


College:   
 





Date	Topic	Type of Presentation Specify Seminar, Journal Club, Presentation,   UG teaching etc.

 
 


LOG BOOK 


Table 3 :  Diagnostic and Operative procedures performed 


Name:        Admission  Year: 


College:   
 





Date	Name	ID No.	Procedure	Category O, A, PA, PI*

 
 
 


*  Key:   O     -   Washed up and observed

                  A     - Assisted a more senior Surgeon

                  PA   - Performed procedure under the direct supervision of a senior surgeon

                  PI     -  performed independently  
 
 


 


Model Overall Assessment Sheet 


Name of the College:          Academic Year: 





Sl. No	Faculty Member & Others	Name of Student and Mean Score
		A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J
1
2
3
4
5
Total Score

 


Note: Use separate sheet for each year.

 


 


Chapter  V 


Medical Ethics

Sensitisation and Practice 


Introduction

      There is now a shift from the traditional individual patient, doctor relationship, and medical care.  With the advances in science and technology and the needs of patient, their families and the community, there is an increased concern with the health of society.  There is a shift to greater accountability to the society.  Doctors and health professionals are confronted with many ethical problems.  It is, therefore necessary to be prepared to deal with these problems. To accomplish the Goal (i), General Objective  (ii) stated in Chapter II (pages 2.1 to 2.3), and develop human values it is urged that ethical sensitisation be achieved by lectures or discussion on ethical issues, clinical case discussion of cases with an important ethical component and by including ethical aspects in discussion in all case presentation, bedside rounds and academic postgraduate programmes. 


Course Contents

1. Introduction to Medical Ethics

What is Ethics

What are values and norms

Relationship between being ethical and human fulfillment

How to form a value system in one’s personal and professional life

Heteronomous Ethics and Autonomous Ethics

Freedom and personal Responsibility

2. Definition of Medical Ethics

Difference between medical ethics and bio-ethics

Major Principles of Medical Ethics 0

      Beneficence    = fraternity

      Justice     = equality

      Self determination (autonomy)  = liberty 


3. Perspective of Medical Ethics

The Hippocratic oath

The Declaration of Helsinki

The WHO Declaration of Geneva

International code of Medical Ethics (1993)

Medical Council of India Code of Ethics 


4. Ethics of the Individual

The patient as a person

The Right to be respected

Truth and Confidentiality

The autonomy of decision

The concept of disease, health and healing

The Right to health

Ethics of Behaviour modification

The Physician – Patient relationship

Organ donation 


5. The Ethics of Human life

What is human life

Criteria for distinguishing the human and the non-human

Reasons for respecting human life

The beginning of human life

Conception, contraception

Abortion

Prenatal sex-determination

In vitro fertilization (IVF), Artificial Insemination by Husband (AIH)

Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID),

Surrogate motherhood, Semen Intrafallopian Transfer (SIFT),

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT), Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT),

Genetic Engineering 


6. The Family and Society in Medical Ethics 

The Ethics of human sexuality

Family Planning perspectives

Prolongation of life

Advanced life directives – The Living Will

Euthanasia

Cancer and Terminal Care 


7. Profession Ethics

Code of conduct

Contract and confidentiality

Charging of fees, Fee-splitting

Prescription of drugs

Over-investigating the patient

Low – Cost drugs, vitamins and tonics

Allocation of resources in health cares

Malpractice and Negligence 


8. Research Ethics

Animal and experimental research / humanness

Human experimentation

Human volunteer research – Informed Consent

Drug trials 


9. Ethical workshop of cases

Gathering all scientific factors

Gathering all human factors

Gathering all value factors

Identifying areas of value – conflict, Setting of priorities,

Working out criteria towards decisions 


Recommended Reading

Francis C.M., Medical Ethics, 1 Ed, 1993, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, p 189, Rs. 60/-