Nuclear Power

 
 
 
 

   Nuclear Power 
 
 
 

   Name: Nicholas Elias 
 

   Tutor: Dr J. Monk 
 

   Date: 17/02/2007 
 
 
 
 

   Abstract 

   Nuclear Power is harmful to our health as well as using technology which can also help build nuclear weapons. Due to the devastation that a single meltdown can cause nobody seems to be jumping at the idea of building more nuclear power plants. However in recent years due to development in technology and reactor design all that could change. It’s more efficient than fossil-fuel power plants, it produces more energy at a lower cost and even if a meltdown does occur the new reactors contain the explosions and therefore pose no threat towards the public. Nuclear power can finally be viewed as a very viable alternative to our dying fossil-fuel power plants. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1. Introduction

2. The Basics of Nuclear Power 
   

3. Advantages 
   

4. Disadvantages 
   

5. Conclusion 
   

6. References 
   

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Introduction 
 

   Fossil fuels are running out at an alarming rate and with emissions from power plants using those fuels greatly helping global warming an alternative source of power is needed. 

   Nuclear Power has been around for decades and has been proven to easily be able to support the ever increasing needs the world has for electricity. It has however always been tainted with the huge risk of meltdown. The consequences of such a mishap are nothing short of a nuclear bomb exploding in the area and Chernobyl will always be a very painful reminder of what happens when things go wrong.

   Needless to say since then major advances in technology and design have rendered nuclear power safer and more efficient, harnessing the dangers involved in the process. The newer power plants can produce more electricity and are cheaper than their counterpart fossil-fuel power plants.

   Nuclear Power plants use Uranium as fuel and it is about as abundant in the Earth’s crust as Zinc and Tin so it’s not very rare and will not run out in the foreseeable future. Also there are techniques to re-use the radioactive waste from the reactor and obtain energy from it.  

   They have been other developments and breakthroughs in finding alternative power sources such as: Hydroelectric power, solar power and wind power to name a few. These three types use renewable fuel sources and have virtually no emissions at all. The cost of use is also falling and with the development of technology the output is also slowly increasing.

   However they are still not up to the standard of Nuclear Power and are still relatively costly when taking into consideration the cost per Kilowatt – Hour. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The Basics of Nuclear Power 
 

   Nuclear Fission is the key to how nuclear power reactors extract energy from Uranium-235 and uses it to heat water which turns to steam and powers a turbine electric generator. 

   Natural Uranium found in the Earth consists of 99.3% Uranium-238 and 0.7% Uranium-235. This is usually enriched so that the concentration of Uranium-235 rises to about 3.5% before being put into the reactor. The fuel is replaced when the amount of Uranium-235 falls to around 1.2%.

   When Uranium absorbs neutrons it splits into two other elements and releases a further two or three neutrons which in turn cause other nuclei to fission turning the process into a chain reaction.

   This chain reaction is extremely powerful and vigorous so it needs to be controlled to prevent an explosion and meltdown. Into the reactor control rods are placed. These rods are made of materials which act as very good neutron absorbers and control the reaction.

   Nuclear reactors go by a reproduction constant K, which is defined as: 

   The average number of neutrons from each fission event that cause another fission event. 

   The idea is to basically keep K at around 1. If it is goes below 1 the reaction dies out, if it goes above one then a runaway reaction occurs and the control rods can’t absorb the neutrons quickly enough in order to control the reaction and this inevitably leads to the reactor melting down.

   In the reactor a moderator is used to absorb the energy released from the fission reactions and transfer it to water which when heated will boil, and then turn to steam, which will in turn drive the generator. Pressurised water (to prevent it from boiling) is normally used as the moderator.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   Advantages of using Nuclear Power 
 

• Lower CO2 emissions than fossil-fuel power stations. (Less than a hundredth of the emissions of Coal)

• Relatively low fuel consumption – 30 tonnes of fuel a year (Other fossil-fuel plants can consume as much as 9000 tonnes of fuel per year) 
  

• Uranium is currently in abundance and with advances in technology we’ll be able to re-use the spent fuel also helping reduce the amount of radioactive waste. 
  

• Low operating costs and is cost-efficient. 
  

• Unlike fossil-fuel plants power plants don’t need to take into account geographical position to be built and run cost efficiently. 
  

• Nuclear power is extremely powerful and the energy released during nuclear fission is much more than any other chemical process 
  

• Advances in design of reactors avoid catastrophic damage to the atmosphere and immediate surroundings by containing the reactor in a very strong shell so the public is protected even in a meltdown. 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Disadvantages of Nuclear Power 

• The risk of meltdown will always plague reactors and even though technology is advancing if something does go completely wrong the public is in great danger.

• Nuclear waste is pilling up in lead containers which over time do corrode again posing a major health risk.  
  

• Although running costs are low, reactors are expensive to build and to decommission 
  

• Technology used to purify fuel needed for a nuclear reactor can very easily also be used for creating nuclear weapons 
  

• The general public is very sceptical and somewhat afraid of nuclear power so building them could lead to protests and denial of acceptance. 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Conclusion 

 

Nuclear Power is a viable alternative power source to fossil-fuels since our demand for electricity is ever increasing and nuclear reactors can easily support the major demand as well as sustaining cost-efficiency of operation and maintenance of the plant. The fuel supplies are abundant and it is a low carbon energy source with low emissions.

 

Advances in technology are turning reactors from health and safety hazards into safe and efficient sources of electricity. True there are issues with waste disposal but again with future developments the waste can be re-used and the idea is that the final waste will be put into corrosion-free containers.

 

Ever since the sting of Chernobyl the public has always been extremely sceptical and doubtful about having a nuclear power plant in their back garden, but there have been major breakthroughs in design and even if a meltdown does occur and the reactor is destroyed a surrounding shell will prevent any radioactive material from being launched into the atmosphere.

 

For the foreseeable future at least I believe that nuclear power is a very good answer to our immense needs especially since the price per KW it produces is also low compared to any other power source. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

References 
 
 
 
 

1. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/nuclearenvissues.html

2. http://www.sea-us.org.au/alt-energy.html 
   

3. http://www.npec-web.org/Essays/Essay050120%20Zalenski%20-%20Future%20of%20Nuclear%20Power.pdf 
   

4. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/analysis/nuclearpower.html 
   

5. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.02/nuclear.html